Javascript required
Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / How Old Does a Piece of Art Considered Public Domain

How Old Does a Piece of Art Considered Public Domain

Works exterior the scope of copyright constabulary

Public domain logo from the Creative Eatables Corporation

The public domain consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual holding rights utilize. Those rights may take expired,[1] been forfeited,[2] expressly waived, or may be inapplicable.[3]

As examples, the works of William Shakespeare, Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci and Georges Méliès are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired.[1] Some works are not covered by a state'due south copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes,[4] and all calculator software created before 1974.[5] Other works are actively dedicated past their authors to the public domain (run into waiver); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms,[half dozen] [7] [8] and the image-processing software ImageJ (created by the National Institutes of Health).[nine] The term public domain is non normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains rest rights, in which case utilise of the work is referred to every bit "nether license" or "with permission".

As rights vary past country and jurisdiction, a work may exist subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a piece of work in that country. The term public domain may also exist interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information eatables".[10]

History

Although the term domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient Roman law, "as a preset system included in the belongings right system".[11] The Romans had a large proprietary rights organization where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned"[11] as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis.[12] The term res nullius was defined every bit things not all the same appropriated.[13] The term res communes was defined every bit "things that could be unremarkably enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean."[11] The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term res universitatis meant things that were owned past the municipalities of Rome.[11] When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of res communes, res publicae, and res universitatis in early on Roman police.[11]

When the beginning early copyright constabulary was originally established in Uk with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did non appear. However, like concepts were developed past British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright constabulary.[fourteen]

The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of copyright term. The French poet Alfred de Vigny equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink pigsty of public domain"[15] and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as piddling more that which is left when intellectual property rights, such equally copyright, patents, and trademarks, expire or are abandoned.[10] In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright equally a, "little coral reef of individual right bulging upwardly from the ocean of the public domain."[16] Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain equally existence "unlike sizes at different times in dissimilar countries".[17]

Definition

Newton's own re-create of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition

Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected past copyright law.[xviii] According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the term public domain and equates the public domain to public property and works in copyright to private property. However, the usage of the term public domain can exist more granular, including for instance uses of works in copyright permitted by copyright exceptions. Such a definition regards work in copyright as individual holding subject to fair-use rights and limitation on ownership.[1] A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual artistic expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection confronting the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression".[18] Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather every bit a concept: "[T]here are sure materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, pelting, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not discipline to private ownership. The materials that etch our cultural heritage must be costless for all living to use no less than thing necessary for biological survival."[nineteen] The term public domain may also exist interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "data commons".[10]

Public domain by medium

Books

A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired[twenty] or accept been forfeited[ clarification needed ].[21]

In most countries the term of protection of copyright expires on the first day of Jan, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in United mexican states, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.

A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published earlier 1927 is in the public domain; American copyrights terminal for 95 years for books originally published between 1927 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.[22]

For case: the works of Jane Austen, Lewis Carroll, Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac and Edgar Allan Poe are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.

Project Gutenberg, the Internet Annal and Wikisource make tens of thousands of public domain books available online equally ebooks.

Music

People accept been creating music for millennia. The first musical notation system, the Music of Mesopotamia system, was created 4,000 years ago. Guido of Arezzo introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century.[23] This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical annotation as literary writings, just performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were non restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular amongst professional musicians.

US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to tune, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital audio file.[24] Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are discipline to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.[25]

The Musopen project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality sound format. Online musical athenaeum preserve collections of classical music recorded past Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.

Films

A public-domain movie is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain past its writer or has had its copyright expired. In 2016, in that location were more than two,000 films in the public domain from every genre, including musicals, romance, horror, noir, westerns, and animated films.[ citation needed ]

Value

Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that tin arise from information and works in the public domain.[27]

Possible values include:

  1. Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
  2. Access to cultural heritage through data resources such every bit ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.
  3. Promoting education, through the spread of data, ideas, and scientific principles.
  4. Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
  5. Enabling low cost access to information without the demand to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data compilation.[28]
  6. Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
  7. Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
  8. Enabling competitive false, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not authorize for patent protection.[27] : 22

Relationship with derivative works

Derivative works include translations, musical arrangements, and dramatizations of a work, also as other forms of transformation or adaptation.[29] Copyrighted works may not exist used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner,[30] while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission.[31] [32] Artworks that are public domain may also exist reproduced photographically or artistically or used every bit the basis of new, interpretive works.[33] Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.[34]

Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such every bit adaptations in book and picture may increase noticeably, as happened with Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel The Underground Garden, which became public domain in the The states in 1977 and most of the balance of the earth in 1995.[35] Past 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 characteristic-length films.[36] In add-on to straightforward adaptation, they have been used equally the launching point for transformative retellings such every bit Tom Stoppard'south Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Troma Entertainment'southward Tromeo and Juliet.[37] [38] [39] Marcel Duchamp'due south L.H.O.O.Q. is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci'due south Mona Lisa, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting.[31] The 2018 picture show A Star is Born is a remake of the 1937 flick of the same name, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright.[40]

Perpetual copyright

Some works may never fully lapse into the public domain. A perpetual crown copyright is held for the Authorized Rex James Version of the Bible in the UK.[41]

While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by J. M. Barrie (the play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and the novel Peter and Wendy) in the Great britain, information technology was granted a special exception under the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 (Schedule 6)[42] that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, every bit long as Slap-up Ormond Street Hospital (to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.

In a paying public domain regime, works that have entered the public domain later their copyright has expired, or traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions that take never been discipline to copyright, are nevertheless discipline to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' clan. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living artists.[43]

Public domain mark

In 2010, The Creative Eatables proposed the Public Domain Mark (PDM) as symbol to indicate that a work is costless of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain.[44] [45] The public domain marker is a combination of the copyright symbol, which acts as copyright discover, with the international 'no' symbol. The Europeana databases apply information technology, and for instance on the Wikimedia Commons in February 2016 two.9 1000000 works (~x% of all works) are listed with the mark.[46]

Application to copyrightable works

Works not covered past copyright law

The underlying thought that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot exist the discipline of copyright police (see idea–expression split). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the class of software is not covered past copyright.[ commendation needed ]

Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For case, the Bible and the inventions of Archimedes are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.[ citation needed ]

Expiration of copyright

Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an test of the copyright in its source country.

In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright can exist quite complex, primarily considering copyright terms have been extended multiple times and in unlike means—shifting over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on offset publication, with a possible renewal term, to a term extending to fifty, and then lxx, years afterwards the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1927 works are in the public domain" is correct just for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at to the lowest degree the life of the author plus 70 years.

In virtually other countries that are signatories to the Berne Convention, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or seventy years beyond the death of the author. (Run into Listing of countries' copyright lengths.)

Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain tin can take its copyright restored. In the European Union, the Copyright Duration Directive was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the Us and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, only rather delayed the addition of works to information technology. Nonetheless, the United states moved abroad from that tradition with the Uruguay Round Agreements Human action, which removed from the public domain many strange-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with United states-based formalities requirements. Consequently, in the U.s., foreign-sourced works and The states-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with so-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.[47]

The Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, a German art museum, brought a suit against Wikimedia Commons in 2016 for photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography inside the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright police and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia epitome repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the German Copyright Act, stating that since the photographer needed to brand practical decisions nigh the photograph that information technology was protected material. The Wikimedia volunteer was ordered to remove the images from the site, as the museum'southward policy had been violated when the photos were taken.[48]

Government works

Works of the United States Government and various other governments are excluded from copyright police and may therefore be considered to exist in the public domain in their respective countries.[49] They may also exist in the public domain in other countries likewise. The legal scholar Melville Nimmer has written that "it is evident that material in the public domain is not protected past copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".[fifty]

Dedicating works to the public domain

Release without copyright notice

Before 1988 in the Us, works could exist hands given into the public domain by but releasing it without an explicit copyright notice. With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the before Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978), all works were past default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain past a waiver statement/anti-copyright tin can call discover.[51] [52] Non all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, eastward.thou. civil law of continental Europe.[ citation needed ] This may fifty-fifty "finer prohibit whatever attempt past copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, especially moral rights".[53]

Public-domain-like licenses

An culling is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the full general public. Real public domain makes licenses unnecessary, every bit no possessor/author is required to grant permission ("Permission civilization"). At that place are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the WTFPL was released as a public domain similar software license.[54] Artistic Commons (created in 2002 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called Creative Commons licenses. These give authors of works (that would authorize for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Eatables licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long equally this does not violate standing copyright police force.[55] For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon cloth, while as well agreeing to provide attribution to the author in whatever of these cases.[56] In 2009 the Artistic Commons released the CC0, which was created for compatibility with constabulary domains which take no concept of dedicating into public domain. This is accomplished by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in instance the waiver is non possible.[57] [58] Unlike in the The states, where author's moral rights are not regulated, in countries where moral rights are protected by copyright law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. Thereby, the terms of the CC0 license would clash with many copyright laws. A solution to this outcome is to translate the license by setting "three dissimilar layers of action. First, the correct holder waives any copyright and related rights that tin can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive nether applicable law, they are licensed in a fashion that mirrors as closely as possible the legal consequence of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will non practise them and they will not assert any merits with respect to the utilise of the work, in one case once again inside the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or non asserted, they are waived if asserted (eastward.yard. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they volition remain into full consequence in accordance to the applicative constabulary (think of French republic, Spain or Italian republic where moral rights cannot exist waived)."[59] The same occurs in Switzerland.

The Unlicense, published around 2010, has a focus on an anti-copyright message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution.[60] [61] Another selection is the Nada Clause BSD license, released in 2006 and aimed at software.[62]

In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation recommends the Creative Commons CC0 license to dedicate content to the public domain,[63] [64] and the Open Data Eatables Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.[65]

Patents

In nigh countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes role of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the appointment of filing inside the United States or 20 years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c).[66] Nonetheless, the text and whatsoever illustration inside a patent, provided the illustrations are substantially line drawings and exercise not in whatsoever substantive manner reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are non subject to copyright protection.[67] This is separate from the patent rights just mentioned.

Trademarks

A trademark registration may remain in forcefulness indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its historic period. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must proceed to utilize information technology. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage past the public without regard for its intended apply, it could become generic, and therefore function of the public domain.

Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a marking, while others may take determined that it is generic and not allowable equally a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is improve known as aspirin in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, Aspirin, with an uppercase A, is however a trademark of the High german company Bayer, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the U.s.a., the UK and France after World State of war I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. And then many copycat products entered the market place during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.[68]

Informal uses of trademarks are not covered past trademark protection. For instance, Hormel, producer of the canned meat product Spam, does non object to informal employ of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email.[69] Nonetheless, it has fought attempts past other companies to register names including the discussion 'spam' as a trademark in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel'due south trademark is only registered in reference to nutrient products (a trademark claim is made within a detail field). Such defences have failed in the United Kingdom.[70]

Public Domain Day

An English language logo of the 2018/2019 Public Domain Day in Poland

Public Domain Twenty-four hour period is an observance of when copyrights elapse and works enter into the public domain.[71] This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every yr on ane January based on the individual copyright laws of each country.[71]

Visual created for Public Domain 24-hour interval. Features Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, as it is famously role of the public domain

The observance of a "Public Domain Twenty-four hour period" was initially informal; the primeval known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist),[72] with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig.[73] As of i Jan 2010[update] a Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are inbound the public domain.[74] There are activities in countries around the globe by diverse organizations all under the imprint Public Domain 24-hour interval.

Run across also

  • Public records
  • Center for the Study of the Public Domain
  • Copyfraud
  • Copyleft
  • Copyright status of works by the federal regime of the Us
  • Copyright Term Extension Act
  • Eldred 5. Ashcroft
  • Fair dealing
  • Gratis-culture motility
  • Free software
  • Freedom of panorama
  • Limitations and exceptions to copyright
  • List of countries' copyright lengths
  • Listing of films in the public domain in the Usa
  • Millar v Taylor
  • Orphan works
  • Paying public domain
  • Protection of Classics
  • Public Domain Enhancement Act
  • Public domain image resources
  • Public domain in the United States
  • Public domain software
  • Dominion of the shorter term

References

  1. ^ a b c Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Heed. CSPD. p. 38. ISBN978-0-300-13740-8. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.
  2. ^ Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN978-1-84720-921-iv. Archived from the original on 20 Dec 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  3. ^ unprotected Archived two March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on bitlaw.com
  4. ^ Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Brusk Phrases Archived 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine on copyright.gov "Listings of ingredients, equally in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable."
  5. ^ Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson. Software and Net Constabulary, p. 34 "figurer programs, to the extent that they embody an writer'southward original cosmos, are proper subject matter of copyright."
  6. ^ Serpent - A Candidate Block Nix for the Advanced Encryption Standard Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine "Serpent is at present completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its apply. This was announced on 21 August at the Commencement AES Candidate Conference." (1999)
  7. ^ KeccakReferenceAndOptimized-three.2.zip mainReference.c "The Keccak sponge function, designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. For more information, feedback or questions, please refer to our website: http://keccak.noekeon.org/Implementation [ permanent dead link ] by the designers, Herbert demoted as "the implementer". To the extent possible under law, the implementer has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the source lawmaking in this file. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zilch/1.0/" Archived 26 June 2013 at the Wayback Motorcar
  8. ^ skein_NIST_CD_121508.zip Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine on skein-hash.info, skein.c "Implementation of the Skein hash office. Source code author: Doug Whiting, 2008. This algorithm and source lawmaking is released to the public domain."
  9. ^ disclaimer Archived five March 2016 at the Wayback Car on rsb.info.nih.gov
  10. ^ a b c Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103. ISBN978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d east Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright police force". Frontiers of Law in China. 4 (2): 178–195. doi:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6. S2CID 153766621.
  12. ^ Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011). "Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)". Revue Juridique de l'Ouest. Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes. 24 (1): 59–112. doi:10.3406/juro.2011.4336.
  13. ^ Rose, C Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Holding in the Information Age (Winter 2003) Law and Contemporary Issues 89 at p.5, p.4
  14. ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135. ISBN978-1-84542-487-nine.
  15. ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright constabulary: a handbook of contemporary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154. ISBN978-ane-84542-487-nine.
  16. ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright constabulary: a handbook of contemporary inquiry. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137. ISBN978-1-84542-487-9.
  17. ^ Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. ISBN978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
  18. ^ a b Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. ISBN978-one-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on xix November 2011.
  19. ^ Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. ISBN978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 Nov 2011.
  20. ^ Boyle, James (i January 2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Listen . Yale Academy Printing. ISBN9780300137408 . Retrieved 30 Dec 2016 – via Cyberspace Archive. public domain.
  21. ^ Graber, Christoph Beat out; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 Jan 2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN9781848443914 . Retrieved 30 Dec 2016 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States | Copyright Data Center". copyright.cornell.edu . Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  23. ^ Otten, J. "The Catholic Encyclopedia". New Advent. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved vi January 2022.
  24. ^ "Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings" (PDF). The states Copyright Function. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United states". Cornell University. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  26. ^ Jenkins, Jennifer. "Public Domain Twenty-four hours 2021". Heart for the Written report of the Public Domain. Knuckles University School of Law. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  27. ^ a b Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006). The hereafter of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law. Kluwer Law International. ISBN978-ix-0411-24357. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014.
  28. ^ Perry&Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Estimator Generated Works?". Reckoner Police and Security Review. SSRN 1647584.
  29. ^ Stern, Prof Richard H. (2001). "L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works". Supplemental cloth Computer Law 484. The George Washington University Law School. Archived from the original on 19 Baronial 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  30. ^ Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995). Understanding copyright law. Legal text series; Gimmicky Casebook Series (2nd ed.). Thousand. Bender. p. 46. ISBN0-256-16448-7.
  31. ^ a b Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Constabulary International. 1997. p. 313. ISBN978-xc-411-0938-5. Archived from the original on six Apr 2015.
  32. ^ Fishman, Stephen (September 2008). The copyright handbook: what every author needs to know. Nolo. p. 178. ISBN978-1-4133-0893-8 . Retrieved i June 2010.
  33. ^ Fishman, Stephen (2008). Public domain: how to find and employ copyright-free writings, music, art and more. Nolo. pp. 124–125. ISBN978-1-4133-0858-vii.
  34. ^ Public Domain Trouble Spots - Copyright Overview by Rich Stim - Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center Archived xviii May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Section called "Public Domain Works That Are Modified".
  35. ^ Lundin, Anne H. (2 Baronial 2004). Amalgam the canon of children'south literature: across library walls and ivory towers. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN978-0-8153-3841-3 . Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  36. ^ Immature, Mark (ed.). The Guinness Book of Records 1999, Runted Books, 358; Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004), Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s, Gunter Narr Verlag, 92.
  37. ^ Homan, Sidney (2004). Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage. Ohio University Press. p. 101. ISBN978-0-8214-1550-4 . Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  38. ^ Kossak, Saskia (2005). "Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare'southward Richard III on screen. Braumüller. p. 17. ISBN978-iii-7003-1492-ix . Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  39. ^ Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (2007). The Cambridge companion to literature on screen. Cambridge University Printing. p. 69. ISBN978-0-521-61486-iii . Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  40. ^ "Everything yous need to know about the 1937 version of 'A Star Is Born'". Amusement Weekly . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  41. ^ Metzger, Bruce K. (2006). The Oxford companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Printing. pp. 618. ISBN978-0-1950-46458.
  42. ^ "Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)". Office of Public Sector Data. 1988. p. 28. Archived from the original on i June 2008. Retrieved ii September 2008.
  43. ^ WIPO Secretariat (24 November 2010), Notation on the Meanings of the Term "Public Domain" in the Intellectual Holding System with special reference to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of Folklore, Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: Seventeenth Session, retrieved 28 November 2018
  44. ^ "Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark". The H Open. The H. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on sixteen October 2010. Retrieved 12 Oct 2010.
  45. ^ Peters, Diane (11 October 2010). "Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Marker". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on 14 Oct 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  46. ^ Category:CC-PD-Marking Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in February 2016
  47. ^ Dennis Karjala, "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation", 35 N. Ky. L. Rev. 253 (2008).
  48. ^ Stefan Michel, Digitisation of art in the public domain–museum urges Wikimedia to have down reproductions of out-of-protection artworks, Journal of Intellectual Belongings Police & Practice, Volume 14, Upshot 6, June 2019, Pages 427–429, doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpz042
  49. ^ Copyright Function Basics Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Nimmer, Melville B., and David Nimmer (1997). Nimmer on Copyright, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.
  51. ^ "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States". Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  52. ^ Copyright Notice Archived 26 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, U.Due south. Copyright Office Round 3, 2008.
  53. ^ "Well-nigh CC0 — "No Rights Reserved"". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  54. ^ Version one.0 license on anonscm.debian.org
  55. ^ Boyle, J. (2008). A Artistic Eatables. In The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Listen (pp. 179-204). Yale Academy Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npvzg.12
  56. ^ "About CC Licenses". Creative Commons . Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  57. ^ "11/17: Lulan Artisans Material Competition". 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 31 Dec 2016. Retrieved 30 Dec 2016.
  58. ^ Validity of the Creative Eatables Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law by Dr. Till Kreutzer, attorney-at-law in Berlin, Germany
  59. ^ Ignasi Labastida, Thomas Margoni; Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse. Data Intelligence 2020; two (one-2): 199–207. doi: https://doi.org/ten.1162/dint_a_00042, p.203
  60. ^ The Unlicense: a License for No License Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on ostatic.com by Joe Brockmeier (2010)
  61. ^ The Unlicense Archived 8 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine on unlicense.org
  62. ^ "BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English". Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  63. ^ licenses on opendefinition.com
  64. ^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (27 Dec 2013)
  65. ^ pddl on opendatacommons.org
  66. ^ Manual of Patent Examining Process available at "MPEP". Archived from the original on 18 Apr 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  67. ^ Officer, Office of the Chief Communications. "Terms of Employ for USPTO Websites". Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved xxx December 2016.
  68. ^ Aspirin Archived 24 August 2005 at the Wayback Automobile, World of Molecules
  69. ^ "SPAM® Brand and the Net". Hormel Foods. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009.
  70. ^ McCarthy, Kieren (31 January 2005). "Hormel Spam trademark case canned". Archived from the original on vii July 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  71. ^ a b Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010). "Happy Public Domain Solar day! Hither'due south to many more than – Telegraph Blogs". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on xv May 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  72. ^ McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004). "Happy Public Domain Day!". American University.
  73. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (1 Jan 2004). "Public domain twenty-four hours - in Canada (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  74. ^ Public Domain Solar day 2010 Archived 14 Oct 2012 at the Wayback Auto at MetaFilter establishes the existence of the website at the fourth dimension.

External links

  • Internet Annal
  • Centre for the Study of the Public Domain, Knuckles Academy

ingleares1988.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain